Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace.

The 2008 Nobel prize winners in Literature has been revealed.

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio of France, author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization

Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace.

The 2008 Nobel prize winners in Chemistry has been revealed for 3 persons for their discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Each share 1/3 of the prize

• Osamu Shimomura - USA - Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) Woods Hole, MA, USA
• Martin Chalfie - USA - Biology professor at Columbia University New York, NY, USA
• Roger Y. Tsien - USA - University of CaliforniaSan Diego, CA, USA

Osamu Shimomura first isolated GFP from jellyfish drifting off the west coast of North America and discovered that the protein glowed bright green under ultraviolet light.

Dr Chalfie picked up on the discovery to demonstrate the value of GFP as a luminous genetic tag for biological phenomena.

Roger Tsien extended the colour palette beyond green, which allowed researchers to follow several different biological processes at the same time.

Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace.

The 2008 Nobel prize winners in Physics has been revealed.

1/2 of the prize for Makoto Kobayashi

• Yoichiro Nambu - USA - Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA

Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa share 1/4 of the prize

• Makoto Kobayashi - Japan - High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba, Japan
• Toshihide Maskawa - Japan - Kyoto Sangyo University; Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan

Japanese scientists Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa - for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature

Tokyo-born US citizen Yoichiro Nambu - For his discovery of the mechanism of ’spontaneous broken symmetry in sub-atomic physics’.

2008 Nobel Prize in medicine has been announced for 3 European scientists, who discovered viruses that cause cervical cancer and AIDS.

• French Researchers - Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency virus )
• Germany Researcher - Harald zur Hausen for finding human papilloma viruses that cause cervical cancer .

Luc Montagnier, director of the World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention, and Francoise Barre-Sinoussi of the Institut Pasteur won half the prize of 10 million Swedish crowns ($1.4 million)

Harald zur Hausen of the University of Duesseldorf and a former director of the German Cancer Research Centre, shared the other half of the prize.